CPR and First Aid Course

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Ensure scene is safe

Check for responsiveness

Tap on victim’s shoulder and shout “Are you okay?”

Call 911 or direct a bystander call 911

Apply personal protective equipment (PPE)

Check for pulse (about 10 seconds)

Request AED machine, if available

 

Look for life threatening conditions or injuries

Determine the victims approximate age

CPR guidelines are:

    • Adult CPR - puberty and older

    • Child CPR - 1 year to puberty

    • Infant CPR -birth to 1 year

 

If bystanders are present:

• Instruct a bystander to call 911
• Ask for assistance with CPR and proceed to next step

If you are alone:

• Begin Compressions - 30 compressions at a rate of 100-120/minute SWIFT HARD and CONSISTENT

• Open Airway with head tilt–chin lift method, check breathing, AT THE SAME TIME

• Give 2 rescue Breaths 

 

    Keep blood flowing to the brain

    Should be swift, hard and consistent

   •Adult: Two hands 

   •Child: One hand (dominant hand)

   •Infant: Two fingers

 

   •Adult: At least 2 inches, but no more than 2.4 inches

   •Child: At least 1/3 depth of the child’s body (or 2”)

   •Infant: At least 1/3 depth of the infant’s body (or 1 ½”)

   •Adult and child: On the breastbone (sternum)

   •Infant: On the breastbone, just below nipple line

   • 30 compressions then 2 breaths per cycle

   •100-120 compressions per minute

   

Continue until EMS arrives, someone else takes over or you are too tired to continue

 

Use one hand on the forehead to tilt the victim’s head back. AT THE SAME TIME place the other hand under the victim’s chin, lift the chin to open the airway and displace the tongue. Look into the victim’s mouth for an obstruction. If you see an obstruction, remove it immediately.

Keep airway open with head tilt-chin lift method. Administer one rescue breath (1 second). Observe chest for rise and fall. If breath does not go in, re-tilt head and administer second rescue breath (1 second). Observe chest for rise and fall AT THE SAME TIME as administering rescue breaths.

Use one of the following methods:

    •Mouth-to-barrier

    •Mouth-to-nose

    •Mouth-to-stoma (An artificial opening in the neck, such as a breathing tube)

    •30 compressions / 2 rescue breaths

    •At a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute

    •Check for signs of breathing (rise/fall of chest)

Continue CPR cycle until:

    •AED becomes available

    •Victim shows signs of life

    •A second rescuer takes over

    •EMS takes over

    •You are too tired to continue

 

 

Responsive adult or child: Heimlich Maneuver

• Abdominal thrusts just above navel
• Continue until object is removed or victim is unresponsive
• Chest thrusts should be used for larger or pregnant victims

Unresponsive adult or child 

• Begin CPR
• Compressions (30)
• Check Airway Head Tilt/Chin Lift
  • Remove object if dislodged
• Breaths (2)
• If breath does NOT go in due to blocked airway
  • Re-tilt head
  • Reattempt breath
  • If breath STILL does not go in, move on to compressions
• Continue CPR Cycle
• Remove object if dislodged
• If victim regains consciousness, move onto their side to recovery position

Infant

Responsive infant: Infant Back Blows

• Support infant’s head and lay face-down over your forearm with head in your palm
• Support forearm with thigh
• Give five back blows
• Roll infant face up
• Check for breathing/Check airway
• Continue until object is removed or victim becomes unresponsive

Unresponsive infant 

• Begin CPR
• Compressions (30)
• Check airway and open using head tilt/chin lift
• Perform 5 back blows
  • Remove object if dislodged
• Breaths (2)
• If breath does NOT go in due to blocked airway
  • Check airway
  • Perform 5 back blows
  • Check for dislodged item
  • Check airway and re-tilt head
  • Reattempt breath
  • If breath STILL does not go in, move on to compressions
• Continue infant obstructed airway CPR Cycle:
  • 30 Compressions - Check Airway - Perform 5 Back Blows - Check Airway - Give 2 Breaths - Repeat
• Remove object if dislodged
• If victim regains consciousness, encourage vocalization

*Airway obstruction in an unresponsive victim lying on his or her back is usually the result of the tongue relaxing in the back of the mouth, restricting air movement. Opening the airway with the head tilt-chin lift method may be all that is needed to correct this problem.

 

Call or direct bystander to call 911. Press hard and fast, about -100-120 times per minute, on the middle of the victim's chest. Continue care until EMS arrives, an AED becomes available or you are too tired to continue.  

 

 

 

 

 

First aid is the immediate care given to someone in an emergency situation, due to an illness or injury before EMS (Emergency Medical Services) arrives and takes over. Most of the time first aid is provided by a bystander (or by the victim) with minimal or no medical equipment. First aid is usually provided for minor illnesses and injuries. However, first aid may also be provided to someone who has a more serious illness or injury, such as a heart attack or severe bleeding.

In an emergency situation, the bystander is a vital link between the victim and Emergency Medical Services (EMS). When entering the scene of an emergency situation, it is important to recognize the severity of the emergency before deciding how to respond.

Always remember to check the scene for safety hazards BEFORE providing care, it is important to ensure if you and the victim(s) are in a safe location, free of imminent danger or hazards.

   • if it is safe to help

   • number of victims

   • if you will need additional assistance from EMS

   • what personal protective devices are readily available to you

    If the area is unsafe for the victim or rescuer, move the victim to a safe location, if can be done safely

    Do not put you or the victim’s safety at risk

    If you cannot safely provide care, do not become another victim, call EMS and wait for EMS to arrive

•For serious situations, it is best to err on the side of caution and call 911

•Provide vital information to EMS dispatcher

    •Your name and number

    •Location of emergency

    •Information about the type of emergency

    •Number of victims

    •Victim(s) condition

    •What care is being provided at the scene

•Check the victim for responsiveness

•Tap on the shoulder and shout, “Are you okay?”

•Ask the victim if you he or she would like you to provide care

•If the victim is face down and unresponsive, turn the victim over

•Check the victim for breathing

    • If victim is NOT breathing – begin CPR

    • If victim is breathing – check the victim and provide care

•Check the victim for obvious signs of injury, such as bleeding, broken bones, burns, or bites

•Look for medical information jewelry to determine if the victim has a serious medical condition

•Place the victim in recovery position (on side) if:

    • the victim has difficulty breathing because of vomiting, or other secretions

    •you have to leave an unresponsive victim to get help

•If the victim shows signs of shock, have the victim lie flat on back

•If the victim does not show signs of trauma or injury, raise the feet about 6-12 inches

•Do not raise the feet if it causes the victim any pain

 

•Decide to provide care

•Determine what type of care is needed

•Begin care immediately – early care is critical for a victim’s survival

When providing care to a victim it is important to identify and correct any condition that may not be immediately life threatening, but may have the potential to become life threatening if it is not corrected.

Gather information about victim using the SAMPLE history method. Ask victim about the following information

    •Signs and symptoms

    •Allergies

    •Medications

    •Past medical history

    •Last meal eaten

    •Events leading to the injury or illness

Medical information tags may identify allergies, medication, or medical condition

 

Use the DOTS method to check the victim head to toe for the following conditions

    •Deformity

    •Open wounds

    •Tenderness

    •Swelling

    •Head – look for blood, check eyes, check mouth for loose teeth or blood, check the nose and ears for fluid or blood, look for bruising of the eyes or behind the ears

    •Neck – look for bleeding, distention of the jugular vein, open wounds, or tracheal deviation

    •Chest –look for blood, broken ribs, open wounds, accessory muscle breathing

    •Abdomen –look for bleeding, abdominal wounds, tenderness, bruising

    •Legs –look for bleeding, bruising, open wounds, broken bones, deformities

    •Pelvis –look for bleeding and instability

    •Arms –look for bleeding, bruising, open wounds, broken bones, deformities

 

Ongoing Care until EMS arrives 

    •Monitor the victim’s condition using ABC assessment:

        •Airway – use head tilt-chin lift method

        •Breathing – look, listen and feel for breathing

        •Circulation – check for severe bleeding

    •Treat for shock

        •Help victim lie on back

        •Keep covered and warm

        •Do not give anything to eat or drink

    •Remain with victim and record any changes in the victim’s condition

    •Report your findings and care to EMS when they arrive

    •If victim becomes unresponsive or has agonal breathing (irregular, shallow or gasping) or is not breathing at all – begin CPR immediately.

        •Continue CPR cycle until EMS arrives, a second rescuer takes over or you are too tired to continue

        •If you do not know CPR begin “Hands Only” compressions at a rate of 100-120 per minute

 

Look for wheezing, coughing, vomiting, shortness of breath and/or fainting

    •Administer inhaler, if available

    •Encourage victim to remain calm and relax

    •Remain with victim until EMS arrives 

 

    •Elicit response to question, “Are you choking?” 

    •Observe signs of obstruction (speaking and breathing)

    •Responsive Adult or Child - begin Heimlich Maneuver ( see Airway Obstruction)

    •Unresponsive Adult, Child– begin CPR (see CPR)

    •ANY choking Infant-begin CPR/Airway Obstruction protocol.

     Check for debris/5 back blows/5 chest compressions

 

    •Administer Epinephrine Pen

    •Call 911

    •If victim does not respond to first dose, and EMS does not arrive within 5-10 minutes a repeat dose may be administered

 

    ***Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction. It has a rapid onset and may cause death

 

    •If victim loses consciousness or is NOT breathing when found - begin CPR immediately

    •Call 911

    •If victim is breathing

        • Encourage victim to remain calm and in a comfortable position (recovery position if possible)

        • Offer 1 adult dose or 2 low dose aspirin, if certain the victim is experiencing a heart attack and has no known allergy

 

 

Instruct the victim to remain lying flat on the ground until he/she can sit up and feel normal

If the victim fell – check for injuries caused by the fall

Remain with victim until he/she feels normal and alert

    •Can stand and walk without assistance

    •Is aware of what happened and who he/she is

It is important to recognize the signs of a diabetic episode to prevent the progression of symptoms.

Symptoms of a diabetic episode are:

    •A change in behavior

    •Confused, irrational or irritable

    •Sleepiness or lack of response

    •Hunger, thirst or overall weakness

    •Victim appears sweaty and/or pale

 

    •Give glucose tablet if available OR

    •Give a food or drink that contains sugar (chocolate does not contain enough sugar)

    •Fruit juice

    •Milk

    •Sugar

    •Honey

    •A regular soft drink

    •Diet foods and drinks do not have sugar

    •Do NOT give food or drink

    •Have victim sit quietly or lie down until EMS arrives

 

Use FAST assessment to determine if stroke is occurring    

    •Encourage the victim to remain calm and quiet

    •DO NOT give anything to eat or drink

    •Monitor victim and be prepared to begin CPR

 

    •Protect the victim from injury

    •Move furniture or other unsafe objects out of the way

    •Place a small pad or towel under the victim’s head, if possible

    •Do NOT place objects in the victim’s mouth

    •Encourage the victim to remain calm

    •Remain with the victim until EMS arrives and takes over

 

Shock is a life-threatening medical condition as a result of insufficient blood flow throughout the body. Shock often accompanies severe injury or illness. Medical shock is a medical emergency and can lead to other conditions such as lack of oxygen in the body's tissues (hypoxia), heart attack (cardiac arrest) or organ damage. It requires immediate treatment as symptoms can worsen rapidly.

    •Help the victim lie on his/her back

    •Cover the victim to keep him/her warm

    •Check the victim using ABC method:

        •Airway – use head tilt-chin lift method

        •Breathing – look, listen and feel for breathing

        •Circulation – check for severe bleeding

    •Record any changes in the victim’s condition

    •Report your findings and care to EMS when they arrive 

 

 

    •Treat wound according to severity

    •Apply pressure or tourniquet

    •Immobilize partial amputations

    •Do NOT remove bandages

    •Take care that dressing does not become occlusive (sealing wound) in open chest wounds

    •Provide care for shock, if necessary

 

    •Have the victim lie down and remain still

    •If vomiting occurs, roll victim on his or her side

    •Check the victim using ABC method:

        •Airway – use head tilt-chin lift method

        •Breathing – look, listen and feel for breathing

        •Circulation – check for severe bleeding, rapid swelling or hard, distended torso

    •Provide care for shock, if necessary

        •Victim lies on back

        •Cover and keep warm

        •Do not give anything to eat or drink

    •Record any changes in victim

    •Report findings to EMS when they arrive

 

    •Pinch victim’s nose

    •Tilt the victim’s head forward

    •Keep constant pressure on both sides of the nostrils until the bleeding stops

    •If bleeding continues, press harder

    •Apply a cold pack to the bridge of the nose

    •Call or direct a bystander to call EMS if

        •The bleeding doesn’t stop in approximately 15 minutes

        •Bleeding is heavy (gushing)

        •The victim has trouble breathing

        •Do NOT have victim tilt head back

Determine if the injury is IN the mouth or if the blood is coming from the throat.

    •If you can reach the area

        •Apply pressure with clean, sterile dressings

    •Check the mouth for any missing teeth, or parts of teeth

        •Clean the wound with saline or clean water

        •If the victim has a loose tooth

            •Have the victim bite down on a piece of gauze to keep the tooth in place

            •Call a dentist

            •If the tooth is chipped, clean the area and call a dentist

       •If tooth is missing

           •Apply pressure with gauze to stop bleeding at the empty tooth socket

           •Place tooth in a cup of egg white, coconut water or milk

           •Take victim to dentist or emergency room

    •Instruct victim to keep eyes closed

    •Use clean water to rinse the eye(s)

    •If the eye(s) have been punctured or penetrated by an object, stabilize and leave the object in place until EMS arrives and takes over

    •Expose the injured area

    •Stabilize the object

    •Do NOT remove the object

    •Control bleeding around the object

    •Seek medical attention or wait for EMS to arrive

 

 

    •Minimize movement

        •Encourage victim to remain as still as possible

        •Do not apply a cervical collar or move the victim

        •Stabilize the head and neck with your hands, if possible

    •Advise victim to remain calm and still

    •Call 911- Evaluation by a healthcare provider should occur as soon as possible

 

    •Advise the victim to remain still and avoid using or moving the injured body part

    •Apply a cold pack to the injured area

    •Do NOT try to straighten a bent or deformed body part

    •Do NOT try to move a broken bone that has come through the skin

    •Make a splint if you are unable to access EMS support immediately (example hiking in the woods)

        •Use something to support the arm or leg from moving (magazine, stick, rolled up towels)

        •Place the splint so that it goes beyond the injured area and supports the joints above and below the injury

        •Tie the splint to the injured body part for support

        •Use tape, gauze or cloth to secure it

        •Check to make sure the splint is not too tight

            (You should be able to put a few fingers between the splint and the injured body part)

    •If the injured part is bleeding, apply direct pressure to stop the bleeding and apply dressing to the wound BEFORE applying the splint

    •If there are no materials to make a splint, have the victim self-splint by using his/her arm to hold the injured arm in place

    •Do NOT try to straighten body parts when applying a splint

 

 

    •Victim is on fire

        •Direct the victim to stop, drop and roll

        •Cover the person with a wet blanket to put the fire out

        •Remove the blanket after the fire is out

    •If the victim is burned

        •Determine the type and severity of burn

        •Stop the burning process

        •Open airway and check breathing

            •Victim is younger than 5 and older than 55

            •Victim has difficulty breathing

            •Victim has other injuries or electrical injuries

            •Face, feet, hands and/or genitals are burned

            •Child abuse is suspected

            •Second degree burn is larger than 20% BSA

            •Burn is third degree

    •Cool burn with cold water – no ice

    •Apply moisturizer, such as aloe-vera gel

    •Adult: administer ibuprofen for pain relief

    •Child: administer acetaminophen for pain relief

    •Cool burn with cold water – no ice

    •Apply antibiotic ointment

    •Cover burn with dry, nonstick, sterile dressing

    •Adult: administer ibuprofen for pain relief

    •Child: administer acetaminophen for pain relief

    •For larger Second Degree Burns – see caring for third degree burns

    •Seek medical attention immediately

    •If the person is on fire, put the fire out

    •Remove jewelry and clothing that is not stuck to the skin

    •Cover the person with a blanket

    •Open airway and check for breathing

    •Monitor breathing

    •Care for shock – see shock section

    •Call 911 and remain with the victim until EMS arrives

    •Flush skin

    •Remove contaminated clothing

    •Cover burn

    •Seek medical care

    •Monitor breathing

    •Care for shock – see shock section

    •Call 911 and remain with the victim until EMS arrives

    •Turn off the main power source, if possible

    •Cover burns

    •Check for spinal injuries

    •Assess the victim, once safe

    •Record any changes in the victim’s condition

    •Call 911 and remain with the victim until EMS arrives

 

 

 

 

Move away from the animal, if possible

    •Snake bites: Assume it is venomous if you are unsure. DO NOT cut the bite or attempt to suck the venom out by mouth. Call 911. DO NOT apply a tourniquet.

    •Bat bites: Do NOT kill the bat. Catch if possible, Rabies test cannot be completed on a dead bat.

Observe the victim and ask about allergies. If the victim has allergies or loses consciousness, call 911 and begin CPR. Administer epi-pen if available.

    •Bee stings: scrape the stinger with a hard card type object.

•Advise the victim to remain still and calm

        •Victim should avoid moving the part of the body that was bitten

    •Remove any clothing that covers the area

    •Flush the wound with running water

    •Clean it with soap and water

    •Stop any bleeding by applying pressure and dressings

    •If a bite breaks the skin, see a healthcare provider

    •Place an ice pack over any area that has bruising or swelling

    •For serious bites, call 911 and remain with victim until EMS arrives

 

    •Advise the victim to lie down, rest and cool off

    •Stretch cramped muscle

    •Provide drink that contains electrolytes, such as juice or a sports drink

        •Give the victim water if the others are not available

    •A cool ice pack may be applied to the sore muscle for up to 20 minutes, if the victim can tolerate it.  

    •Call or direct a bystander to call EMS if victim’s condition does not improve

    •Monitor breathing

    •Stop activity and rest in a cool place

    •Remove excess or tight clothing

    •Provide drink that contains electrolytes, such as juice or a sports drink

    •Give water if other drinks are unavailable

    •Advise victim to lie down, raise legs 6 to 12 inches

    •Apply cool damp cloths to the neck, armpit and groin area, if possible

    •Spray with a cool water spray, if possible

    •Call or direct a bystander to call EMS if victim’s condition does not improve

    •Monitor breathing

Heatstroke can rapidly become fatal if the victims core body temperature is not lowered.   

    •Begin cooling the victim immediately

    •Place in cool water up to neck, if possible

    •Cool with a cool water spray, if possible

    •Stop cooling the victim once behavior is normal again – continued cooling can lead to hypothermia

    •If the victim is able to drink 

        •Provide drink that contains electrolytes, such as juice or a sports drink

        •Give water if other drinks are unavailable

  Call 911 and remain with victim until EMS arrives and takes over

    •Move the victim to a warm place

    •Remove tight clothing and jewelry from the frostbitten area

    •Remove wet clothing 

    •Pat the body dry

    •Put dry clothes on the victim, if possible

    •Cover with a blanket

    •Do not try to thaw the frozen part if you think there may be a chance of refreezing

    •Try not to touch the frostbitten area

    •Do NOT rub the damaged area

    •Remain with victim until EMS arrives

    •Move the victim out of the cold

    •Remove wet clothing

    •Pat the body dry

    •Put dry clothes on, if possible

    •Cover with a blanket and any other coverings you may have

    •Cover the head, but not the face

    •Place victim near a heat source and place containers of warm – not hot – water in contact with the skin

    •Remain with victim and record any changes

    •Report changes to EMS when they arrive

 

 

Many types of products can be poisonous to people.  When victims come into contact with poisonous products either by swallowing, breathing or contact with skin and eyes, serious sickness and even death can occur.  If you are unsure of a victim's exposure, call 911 immediately, before calling poison control

The number for the American Association of Poison Control Centers (Poison Control) is 

    •1-800-222-1222

    •Follow all workplace guidelines about poisonous items in your workplace